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A class has zero or more superclasses (aka parent classes). A class inherits from its superclass(es). A class does zero or more roles, which add the ability to add pre-defined functionality to classes without subclassing. A class has a constructor and a destructor. A class has a metaclass. A class has zero or more method modifiers.
What follows are examples of "Hello, World" implemented in different styles of modules. It must be understood that a module is not necessary in Perl; functions and code can be defined and used anywhere. This is just for example purposes. Contrast with Java where a class is always necessary. A real "Hello, World" function would be written like so:
#!/usr/bin/perl – called the "shebang line", after the hash symbol (#) and ! (bang) at the beginning of the line. It is also known as the interpreter directive. # – the number sign, also called the hash symbol. In Perl, the # indicates the start of a comment. It instructs perl to ignore the rest of the line and not execute it as script code.
A class inherits from its superclass(es). Moose supports multiple inheritance. A class has zero or more method modifiers. These modifiers can apply to its own methods, methods that are inherited from its ancestors or methods that are provided by roles. A class does zero or more roles (also known as traits in other programming languages).
Most programming languages are not standardized by an international (or national) standard, even widely used ones, such as Perl or Standard ML (despite the name). Notable standardized programming languages include ALGOL , C , C++ , JavaScript (under the name ECMAScript ), Smalltalk , Prolog , Common Lisp , Scheme ( IEEE standard), ISLISP , Ada ...
END CLASS name. INTERFACE-ID. name« INHERITS« FROM» interfaces». members. END INTERFACE name. — Cobra class name «inherits parentclass» «implements interfaces» Tab ↹ members: interface name «inherits parentinterfaces» Tab ↹ members: namespace name Tab ↹ members: ISLISP (defclass name (base-class) ((x :initform 0 :accessor get ...
Perl provides three loop control keywords that all accept an optional loop label as an argument. If no label is specified, the keywords act on the innermost loop. Within nested loops, the use of labels enables control to move from an inner loop to an outer one, or out of the outer loop altogether.
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