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Drone zithers or droned zithers are stringed instruments of the zither family that have few (sometimes only one) melodic strings and a greater number of drone strings. The oldest known form of drone zither is the Scheitholt. The Scheitholt developed into many different variants of drone zithers, such as the Langspil, the Epinette des Vosges or ...
The langspil (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈlauŋkˌspɪːl̥]; meaning long-play) is a traditional Icelandic drone zither. It has a single melody string and usually 2 drone strings. The langspil can be played by plucking the strings by hand, with a bow or by hammering.
Diatonic, lute-like string instrument langeleik [13] Norway: 314.122 Rectangular zither with five to nine strings, one melody string and several drone strings santur [16] Iran: 314.122-4 Hammered dulcimer, trapezoidal-shaped with 72 strings and two sets of bridges, hit with mallets yangqin [17] yang ch'in, yang qin: China: 314.122-4
A plucked seven-string zither with open strings and a range of about four octaves: 312.22: China: guzheng [34] zheng, gu-zheng: Half-tube zither, rectangular with three sound holes on the bottom, now with twenty-one strings most typically, pentatonic tuning, strings are plucked by hand 312.22-5: China: pipa [35] Pear-shaped bowl lute with a ...
In Europe and other more northern and western regions, early zithers were more similar to the modern mountain dulcimer, having long, usually rectangular, sound boxes, with one or more melody strings and several unfretted drone strings. Some of these employed movable bridges similar to the Japanese koto, used for retuning the drone strings.
7 strings (3 are drones) plus 13 sympathetic strings C 2 G 2 C 3 F 3. drones: C 5 C 4 G 3. North India 4th string can be tuned to C. Sympathetic (resonating) strings are tuned to the raga being played. Socavon: 4 strings 4 courses. G 3 D 4 A 4 B 2: Bocona Panama Strumstick: 3 strings 3 courses. Standard/common: G 3 D 4 G 4. Alternate: F 3 C 4 F 4
The Scheitholt was played similarly to the modern zither. It was placed horizontally on a table or on the player's lap, the left hand pressed the strings with a wooden stick sometimes called a 'noter', while the thumb and index finger plucked the strings either directly, or with a horn or wooden plectrum, or with a goose quill.
Strumming back and forth across all the strings (melody and drone) or just the doubled melody strings with the pick, goose feather, or thumb. This is the traditional manner. Fingerpicking, as with a guitar, using all but the little right finger to pluck the strings. Striking the strings with a small stick (like a fretted hammered dulcimer)