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Historically, pilot reports were the only method of observing the location and intensity of turbulence. Because traditional pilot reports are subjective and limited in temporal and spatial ...
A pilot report or PIREP is a report of actual flight or ground conditions encountered by an aircraft. Reports commonly include information about atmospheric conditions (like temperature , icing , turbulence ) or airport conditions (like runway condition codes or ground equipment failures).
TAMDAR observations include temperature, pressure, winds aloft, relative humidity, icing, and turbulence information which is critical for both aviation safety, the operational efficiency of the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS), and other world airspace management systems as well as other weather-dependent operational environments such as maritime, defense, and energy.
In meteorology the Ellrod index is a technique for forecasting clear-air turbulence (CAT). It is calculated based on the product of horizontal deformation and vertical wind shear derived from numerical model forecast winds aloft. The deformation predictors are calculated using following information. Shearing deformation:
After decades of flying, pilot Stuart Walker says turbulence isn’t entirely predictable. But there are different types of turbulence pilots watch for. Walker explains each one and what pilots do ...
051730Z indicates that the report was issued on the 5th of the month at 1730 UTC (also known as Zulu, hence the Z). 0518/0624 indicates that the report is valid from the 5th at 1800 UTC until the 6th at 2400 UTC. The remainder of the first line contain the initial forecast conditions. Variations of the codes used for various weather conditions ...
According to a 2021 report by the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board, turbulence accounted for 37.6% of all accidents on larger commercial airlines between 2009 and 2018.
A LLWAS master station polls each remote station every system cycle (nominally every ten seconds) and provides prevailing airport wind averages, runway specific winds, gusts, may set new wind shear alerts or microburst alerts and reset countdown timers of elapsed time since the last alert.