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Ideas of reference and delusions of reference describe the phenomenon of an individual experiencing innocuous events or mere coincidences [1] and believing they have strong personal significance. [2] It is "the notion that everything one perceives in the world relates to one's own destiny", usually in a negative and hostile manner.
While non-delusional grandiose beliefs are somewhat common—occurring in at least 10% of the general population [3] —and often [vague] positively influence a person's self-esteem, in some cases they may cause a person distress, in which case such beliefs may be clinically evaluated and diagnosed as a psychiatric disorder.
On the influence of personality, it has been said: "Jaspers considered there is a subtle change in personality due to the illness itself; and this creates the condition for the development of the delusional atmosphere in which the delusional intuition arises." [28] Cultural factors have "a decisive influence in shaping delusions". [29]
Sociale (ideatoric or ideoverbal): This involves disturbances in thought processes, such as derailment, loosening of associations, thought blocking, and flight of ideas, along with delusions of influence on mental processes (e.g., thought broadcasting). All three forms may occur simultaneously, a phenomenon referred to as "triple automatism."
The ICD-11 characterizes it as in experiences of influence, passivity, and control, along with thought insertion and withdrawal. The DSM-5 specifies thought broadcasting as a belief that one's thoughts are transmitted and consequently perceived by others. It also classifies it as bizarre—a delusion of implausible and incomprehensible nature.
A Nov. 2023 text exchange between suspected Trump gunman Ryan Routh, and Evelyn Aschenbrenner, a Ukrainian Army recruiter, after Routh pushed for thousands of Afghans to fight for Ukraine.
"Night wind hawkers" sold stock on the streets during the South Sea Bubble. (The Great Picture of Folly, 1720) A satirical "Bubble card"Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds is an early study of crowd psychology by Scottish journalist Charles Mackay, first published in 1841 under the title Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions. [1]
While this may be a negotiating stance, its repetition points to Russia advocating for a sphere-of-influence. ... based not on geopolitical concerns but on delusions of grandeur and identity.