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As a process, dehumanization may be understood as the opposite of personification, a figure of speech in which inanimate objects or abstractions are endowed with human qualities; dehumanization then is the disendowment of these same qualities or a reduction to abstraction. [7]
There are two aspects of dehumanization: the denial of uniquely human attributes and the denial of human nature attributes. [45] Uniquely human attributes refer to those characteristics that discriminate a human from other animal species. Such attributes include morality, rationality, civility, and refinement. [46]
Human beings were viewed as possessing common essential features. [4] From the belief in a universal moral core of humanity, it followed that all persons were inherently free and equal. For liberal humanists such as Immanuel Kant , the universal law of reason was a guide towards total emancipation from any kind of tyranny.
An exclusionary ideology is central to dehumanization. Autocratic regimes foster the organization of hate groups. An ethnically polarized elite is characteristic of polarization. Lack of openness to trade and other influences from outside a state's borders is characteristic of preparation. Massive violations of human rights are examples of ...
Infrahumanisation (or infrahumanization) is the tacitly held belief that one's ingroup is more human than an outgroup, which is less human. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The term was coined by Jacques-Philippe Leyens and colleagues in the early 2000s to distinguish what they argue to be an everyday phenomenon from dehumanisation (denial of humanness) associated ...
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Philosopher Theodore Schatzki suggests there are two varieties of posthumanism of the philosophical kind: [18]. One, which he calls "objectivism", tries to counter the overemphasis of the subjective, or intersubjective, that pervades humanism, and emphasises the role of the nonhuman agents, whether they be animals and plants, or computers or other things, because "Humans and nonhumans, it ...
The second form is the denial of human nature, examples include: emotionality and personality. [86] Failure to attribute distinctively human traits to a group leads to animalistic dehumanization, which defines the object group or individual as savage, crude, and similar to animals. [86]