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Some examples of primary standards for titration of solutions, based on their high purity, are provided: [4] Arsenic trioxide for making sodium arsenite solution for standardisation of sodium periodate solution (until Ph. Eur. 3, Appendix 2001 also for iodine and cerium(IV) sulfate solutions, since Ph. Eur. 4, 2002 standardised by sodium ...
These characteristics make primary standards reliable for preparing standard solutions with an accurate concentration just by knowing the amount of compound and solvent used. Primary standard solutions are commonly used to determine the concentration of secondary standard solutions through titration .
Back titration is a titration done in reverse; instead of titrating the original sample, a known excess of standard reagent is added to the solution, and the excess is titrated. A back titration is useful if the endpoint of the reverse titration is easier to identify than the endpoint of the normal titration, as with precipitation reactions
KHP is slightly acidic, and it is often used as a primary standard for acid–base titrations because it is solid and air-stable, making it easy to weigh accurately. It is not hygroscopic . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] It is also used as a primary standard for calibrating pH meters because, besides the properties just mentioned, its pH in solution is very ...
In that case, a constant ionic strength can be maintained, and [+] is known at all titration points if both [+] and [] are known (and should be directly related to primary standards). For instance, Martell and Motekaitis (1992) calculated the pH value expected at the start of the titration, having earlier titrated the acid and base solutions ...
Secondary standards are calibrated with reference to a primary standard. [2] The third level of standard, a standard which is periodically calibrated against a secondary standard, is known as a working standard. [2] Working standards are used for the calibration of commercial and industrial measurement equipment.
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One primary use involves the determination of the concentration of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) in drug formulations, ensuring product quality and compliance with regulatory standards. [20] Acid–base titration is particularly valuable in quantifying acidic or basic functional groups with pharmaceutical compounds.