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Acceptance or rejection of Mayr's proximate-ultimate distinction may lie at the centre of several major debates within contemporary biology, concerning evo devo (evolutionary developmental biology), niche construction, cultural evolution, human cooperation, and the evolution of language. According to some biologists and philosophers, these ...
This represents GDP because all the production in an economy (the left hand side of the equation) is used as consumption (C), investment (I), government spending (G), and goods that are exported in excess of imports (NX). Another equation defining GDP using alternative terms (which in theory results in the same value [citation needed]) is
where the '+' indexes a positive relationship of GDP to M, that is, as M increases, GDP increases as a result. Another model of GDP hypothesizes that GDP has a negative relationship to T . This can be represented similarly to the above, with a theoretically appropriate sign change as indicated:
Real GDP is an example of the distinction between real and nominal values in economics.Nominal gross domestic product is defined as the market value of all final goods produced in a geographical region, usually a country; this depends on the quantities of goods and services produced, and their respective prices.
There is a substantial body of economic analysis concerning the construction of index numbers, desirable properties of index numbers and the relationship between index numbers and economic theory. [ citation needed ] A number indicating a change in magnitude, as of price, wage, employment, or production shifts, relative to the magnitude at a ...
For oil-export-dependent economies, there could be substantial differences between real GDP and real GDI, due the effect of oil price volatility on the purchasing power in those countries. [1] [2] In the United States National Income and product accounts, the word GDI is use to define GDP calculated with income data rather than expenditure data ...
In economics, gross value added (GVA) is the measure of the value of goods and services produced in an area, industry or sector of an economy. "Gross value added is the value of output minus the value of intermediate consumption; it is a measure of the contribution to GDP made by an individual producer, industry or sector; gross value added is the source from which the primary incomes of the ...
The World Economic Forum publishes a Financial Development Index annually, which measures and analyses the factors enabling the development of financial systems among different economies. It provides a comprehensive means for economies to benchmark various aspects of their financial systems.