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In public key infrastructure (PKI) systems, a certificate signing request (CSR or certification request) is a message sent from an applicant to a certificate authority of the public key infrastructure (PKI) in order to apply for a digital identity certificate. The CSR usually contains the public key for which the certificate should be issued ...
SPKAC (Signed Public Key and Challenge, also known as Netscape SPKI) is a format for sending a certificate signing request (CSR): it encodes a public key, that can be manipulated using OpenSSL. [1] It is created using the little documented HTML keygen element [2] inside a number of Netscape compatible browsers.
OpenSSL is a software library for applications that provide secure communications over computer networks against eavesdropping, and identify the party at the other end. It is widely used by Internet servers, including the majority of HTTPS websites. OpenSSL contains an open-source implementation of the SSL and TLS protocols.
Self-signed certificates can be created for free, using a wide variety of tools including OpenSSL, Java's keytool, Adobe Reader, wolfSSL and Apple's Keychain. They are easy to customize; e.g, they can have larger key sizes or hold additional metadata.
PKCS #12 files are usually created using OpenSSL, which only supports a single private key from the command line interface. The Java keytool can be used to create multiple "entries" since Java 8, but that may be incompatible with many other systems. [8] As of Java 9 (released 2017-09-21), PKCS #12 is the default keystore format. [9] [10]
Some certificate authority – usually a purpose-built program running on a server computer – vouches for the identities assigned to specific private keys by producing a digital certificate. Public key digital certificates are typically valid for several years at a time, so the associated private keys must be held securely over that time.
It's able to create certificate signing requests, allowing to export them to PKCS#8 files, so they can be sent to other CAs. Allows the creation of X.509 certificates, with a usual set of subject-parameters. Can export certificates and private keys to PEM files, so they can be used by external applications. It also allows to export PKCS#12 ...
It expands on static certificate pinning, which hardcodes public key hashes of well-known websites or services within web browsers and applications. [5] Most browsers disable pinning for certificate chains with private root certificates to enable various corporate content inspection scanners [6] and web debugging tools (such as mitmproxy or ...