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Needles that drop from pine trees are termed pine straw. It is available in bales. Pine straw has an attractive look and is used in landscape and garden settings. On application pine needles tend to weave together, a characteristic that helps the mulch hold stormwater on steeper slopes.
The longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) is a pine species native to the Southeastern United ... Annual sales of pine straw for use as mulch were estimated at $200M in 2021.
Surface run-off results in a significant amount of economic effects. Pine straws are cost effective ways of dealing with surface run-off. Moreover, Surface run-off can be reused through the growth of elephant mass. In Nigeria, elephant grass is considered to be an economical way in which surface run-off and erosion can be reduced. [36]
Tree height is the vertical distance between the base of the tree and the highest sprig at the top of the tree. The base of the tree is measured for both height and girth as being the elevation at which the pith of the tree intersects the ground surface beneath, or "where the acorn sprouted."
The Janka hardness test (English: / ˈ dʒ æ ŋ k ə /; [1] German:), created by Austrian-born American researcher Gabriel Janka (1864–1932), measures the resistance of a sample of wood to denting and wear.
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Basal area is the cross-sectional area of trees at breast height (1.3m or 4.5 ft above ground). It is a common way to describe stand density. In forest management, basal area usually refers to merchantable timber and is given on a per hectare or per acre basis.
Specific leaf area is a ratio indicating how much leaf area a plant builds with a given amount of leaf biomass: = where A is the area of a given leaf or all leaves of a plant, and M L is the dry mass of those leaves.