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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) 4.0% Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) 8.7% Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) sorted under lymphomas according to current WHO classification; called small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) when leukemic cells are absent. 10.2% Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) 3.7% Acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL) 0.7% Other leukemias 3.1%
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal cells that build up in the bone marrow and blood and interfere with normal blood cell production. [1] Symptoms may include feeling tired, shortness of breath, easy bruising and bleeding, and increased risk of infection. [1]
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. [8] [9] In CLL, the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell. [8] [9] In patients with CLL, B cell lymphocytes can begin to collect in their blood, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.
For example, people with Down syndrome have a significantly increased risk of developing forms of acute leukemia (especially acute myeloid leukemia), and Fanconi anemia is a risk factor for developing acute myeloid leukemia. [46] Mutation in SPRED1 gene has been associated with a predisposition to childhood leukemia. [54]
Conventionally, a leukocytosis exceeding 50,000 WBC/mm 3 with a significant increase in early neutrophil precursors is referred to as a leukemoid reaction. [2] The peripheral blood smear may show myelocytes, metamyelocytes, promyelocytes, and rarely myeloblasts; however, there is a mixture of early mature neutrophil precursors, in contrast to the immature forms typically seen in acute leukemia.
The underlying pathophysiology of acute myeloid leukemia consist of maturational arrest of the bone marrow cell during the early stages of development. A myeloblast is an immature precursor cell that will change into a monocyte, healthy white blood cell. In AML, Myeloblast do not mature but grow and multiply with regulation.
Acute myeloid leukemia is a very heterogeneous disease, composed of a variety of translocations and mutations. However, one tenth of all acute myeloid leukemia cases diagnosed have the AML1-ETO fusion oncoprotein due to the t(8;21) translocation. AML1 or RUNX1 is a DNA-binding transcription factor located at the 21q22.
Myelodysplastic–myeloproliferative diseases are a category of hematological malignancies which have characteristics of both myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative conditions.
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