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Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), also known as Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP), is a form of pneumonia that is caused by the yeast-like fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Pneumocystis specimens are commonly found in the lungs of healthy people although it is usually not a cause for disease. [ 5 ]
Pneumocystis murina is unique for several reasons. Firstly, it is only found in laboratory mice, not in natural environments. [7] Secondly, it is a pathogen that causes cyst formation in the respiratory tract of immunocompromised lab mice, leading to clinical signs of infection such as dyspnea, weight loss, hunched posture, and scaly skin. [6]
Pneumocystis pneumonia is an important disease of immunocompromised humans, particularly patients with HIV, but also patients with an immune system that is severely suppressed for other reasons, for example, following a bone marrow transplant. In humans with a normal immune system, it is an extremely common silent infection. [4]
Pneumonia is a common respiratory infection, [2] affecting approximately 450 million people a year and occurring in all parts of the world. [3] It is a major cause of death among all age groups, resulting in 1.4 million deaths in 2010 (7% of the world's yearly total) and 3.0 million deaths in 2016 (the 4th leading cause of death in the world).
High magnification photomicrograph of a lung biopsy taken showing chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis , showing mild thickening of the walls of the small air sacs by invasion of white blood cells. A multinucleated giant cell , seen within the walls of the air sacs to the right of the picture halfway down, is an important clue to the correct ...
[46] [47] Kaposi's sarcoma, a virally-associated cancer, has higher incidence rates in HIV-positive patients than in the general population. [48] As immune function declines and HIV-infection progresses to AIDS, individuals are at an increased risk of opportunistic infections that their immune systems are no longer capable of responding ...
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) refers to pneumonia (any of several lung diseases) contracted by a person outside of the healthcare system. In contrast, hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is seen in patients who have recently visited a hospital or who live in long-term care facilities.
Prevalence is higher among males (7.2%) than females (6.4%). [11] However these numbers are likely an underestimate, as data obtained from blood samples indicate about 20% of diabetes cases remain undiagnosed. [29] The prevalence of diagnosed diabetes among Canadians increased by 70% over the decade from 1999 to 2009. [11]