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The basic subject of Wolfram's "new kind of science" is the study of simple abstract rules—essentially, elementary computer programs.In almost any class of a computational system, one very quickly finds instances of great complexity among its simplest cases (after a time series of multiple iterative loops, applying the same simple set of rules on itself, similar to a self-reinforcing cycle ...
Complex Systems is a quarterly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering subjects ranging across a number of scientific and engineering fields, including computational biology, computer science, mathematics, and physics. It was established in 1987 with Stephen Wolfram as founding editor-in-chief. The journal is published by Complex ...
In April 2020, Wolfram announced the "Wolfram Physics Project" as an effort to reduce and explain all the laws of physics within a paradigm of a hypergraph that is transformed by minimal rewriting rules that obey the Church–Rosser property. [45] [46] The effort is a continuation of the ideas he originally described in A New Kind of Science ...
A physicist considers whether artificial intelligence can fix science, regulation, and innovation.
Berger, David, "Stephen Wolfram, A New Kind of Science". Serendip's Bookshelves. "Complexity is Elusive". Physical Review Letters, March 4, 2004. Tomasson, Gunnar, "Scientific Theory and Computational Irreducibility". A New Kind of Science: The NKS Forum.
Stephen Wolfram independently began working on cellular automata in mid-1981 after considering how complex patterns seemed formed in nature in violation of the second law of thermodynamics. [29] His investigations were initially spurred by a desire to model systems such as the neural networks found in brains. [ 29 ]
In 2004, Matthew Cook published a proof that Rule 110 with a particular repeating background pattern is Turing complete, i.e., capable of universal computation, which Stephen Wolfram had conjectured in 1985. [2] Cook presented his proof at the Santa Fe Institute conference CA98 before publication of Wolfram's book A New Kind of Science.
Rule 30 is an elementary cellular automaton introduced by Stephen Wolfram in 1983. [2] Using Wolfram's classification scheme , Rule 30 is a Class III rule, displaying aperiodic, chaotic behaviour. This rule is of particular interest because it produces complex, seemingly random patterns from simple, well-defined rules.