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2. Atomic clock - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_clock

   Time standards. [edit] An atomic clock is based on a system of atoms which may be in one of two possible energy states. A group of atoms in one state is prepared, then subjected to microwave radiation. If the radiation is of the correct frequency, a number of atoms will transition to the other energy state.

3. Clock drift - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_drift

   Even the Earth's rotation rate has more drift and variation in drift than an atomic clock due to tidal acceleration and other effects. The principle behind the atomic clock has enabled scientists to re-define the SI unit second in terms of exactly 9 192 631 770 oscillations of the caesium-133 atom. The precision of these oscillations allows ...

4. Chip-scale atomic clock - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip-scale_atomic_clock

   A chip scale atomic clock (CSAC) is a compact, low-power atomic clock fabricated using techniques of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and incorporating a low-power semiconductor laser as the light source. The first CSAC physics package was demonstrated at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2003, [1] based on an ...

5. Physics breakthrough brings nuclear clock closer to reality - AOL

   www.aol.com/news/physics-breakthrough-brings...

   Time after time. In atomic clocks, an atom’s electrons are pinged with electromagnetic radiation at specific frequencies. Bursts of energy excite the electrons, pushing them into a higher orbit ...

6. Quartz clock - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_clock

   Quartz clocks and quartz watches are timepieces that use an electronic oscillator regulated by a quartz crystal to keep time. This crystal oscillator creates a signal with very precise frequency, so that quartz clocks and watches are at least an order of magnitude more accurate than mechanical clocks. Generally, some form of digital logic ...

7. Atmos clock - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmos_clock

   Atmos clock. Jaeger-LeCoultre's Atmos clock on display. Atmos is the brand name of a mechanical torsion pendulum clock manufactured by Jaeger-LeCoultre in Switzerland which does not need to be wound manually. It gets the energy it needs to run from temperature and atmospheric pressure changes in the environment, and can run for years without ...