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Probability theory. The standard probability axioms are the foundations of probability theory introduced by Russian mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov in 1933. [1] These axioms remain central and have direct contributions to mathematics, the physical sciences, and real-world probability cases. [2]
Probability theory or probability calculus is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability. Although there are several different probability interpretations, probability theory treats the concept in a rigorous mathematical manner by expressing it through a set of axioms. Typically these axioms formalise probability in terms of a ...
Addition theorem. In mathematics, an addition theorem is a formula such as that for the exponential function: that expresses, for a particular function f, f (x + y) in terms of f (x) and f (y). Slightly more generally, as is the case with the trigonometric functions sin and cos, several functions may be involved; this is more apparent than real ...
The law of total probability is [1] a theorem that states, in its discrete case, if is a finite or countably infinite set of mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive events, then for any event. or, alternatively, [1] where, for any , if , then these terms are simply omitted from the summation since is finite.
In probability theory, the law of large numbers (LLN) is a mathematical law that states that the average of the results obtained from a large number of independent random samples converges to the true value, if it exists. [1] More formally, the LLN states that given a sample of independent and identically distributed values, the sample mean ...
t. e. Bayesian inference (/ ˈbeɪziən / BAY-zee-ən or / ˈbeɪʒən / BAY-zhən) [ 1 ] is a method of statistical inference in which Bayes' theorem is used to update the probability for a hypothesis as more evidence or information becomes available. Fundamentally, Bayesian inference uses prior knowledge, in the form of a prior distribution ...
In probability theory, the expected value (also called expectation, expectancy, expectation operator, mathematical expectation, mean, expectation value, or first moment) is a generalization of the weighted average. Informally, the expected value is the mean of the possible values a random variable can take, weighted by the probability of those ...
Probability is the branch of mathematics concerning events and numerical descriptions of how likely they are to occur. The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1; the larger the probability, the more likely an event is to occur. [note 1] [1] [2] A simple example is the tossing of a fair (unbiased) coin. Since the coin is fair, the ...
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