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Most TCF pulp is produced in Sweden and Finland for sale in Germany, [31] all markets with a high level of environmental awareness. In 1999, TCF pulp represented 25% of the European market. [32] TCF bleaching, by removing chlorine from the process, reduces chlorinated organic compounds to background levels in pulp-mill effluent. [33]
The traditional ECF sequence is DEopDEpD [1]: 14 using the common letter symbols for bleaching stages, [2] though many improved sequences are available. [ 1 ] : 15 Totally chlorine free (TCF) is paper that does not use any chlorine compounds for wood pulp bleaching.
It has been used as a cleaning agent for electrical and electronic components. [12] CFC-113’s low flammability and low toxicity made it ideal for use as a cleaner for delicate electrical equipment, fabrics, and metals. It would not harm the product it was cleaning, ignite with a spark or react with other chemicals. [13]
Industrial bleaching agents can be sources of concern. For example, the use of elemental chlorine in the bleaching of wood pulp produces organochlorines and persistent organic pollutants, including dioxins. According to an industry group, the use of chlorine dioxide in these processes has reduced the dioxin generation to under-detectable levels ...
[38] Most TCF pulp is produced in Sweden and Finland for sale in Germany, [36] all markets with a high level of environmental awareness. In 1999, TCF pulp represented 25% of the European market. [39] TCF bleaching, by removing chlorine from the process, reduces chlorinated organic compounds to background levels in pulp mill effluent. [40]
Percent active chlorine in these materials ranges from 20% for bleaching powder to 70% for HTH. Potassium hypochlorite, KOCl. This was the first chlorine-based bleaching agent, which became available around 1785 under the name Eau de Javel or "Javel water". It is no longer commonly used, having been superseded by the cheaper sodium analog.
Hypochlorite (ClO) also has a molecule-to-molecule bleaching potential the same as dichlorine. However, its lower molecular weight leads to a higher potential bleaching power. In the example of lithium hypochlorite, the molecular weight 58.39, so it only takes 58.39 grams (2.060 ounces) to equal the bleaching power of 70.90 grams (2.501 ounces ...
The principal example is tert-butyl hypochlorite, which is a useful chlorinating agent. [3] Most hypochlorite salts are handled as aqueous solutions. Their primary applications are as bleaching, disinfection, and water treatment agents. They are also used in chemistry for chlorination and oxidation reactions.