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The traditional ECF sequence is DEopDEpD [1]: 14 using the common letter symbols for bleaching stages, [2] though many improved sequences are available. [ 1 ] : 15 Totally chlorine free (TCF) is paper that does not use any chlorine compounds for wood pulp bleaching.
Most TCF pulp is produced in Sweden and Finland for sale in Germany, [31] all markets with a high level of environmental awareness. In 1999, TCF pulp represented 25% of the European market. [32] TCF bleaching, by removing chlorine from the process, reduces chlorinated organic compounds to background levels in pulp-mill effluent. [33]
[38] Most TCF pulp is produced in Sweden and Finland for sale in Germany, [36] all markets with a high level of environmental awareness. In 1999, TCF pulp represented 25% of the European market. [39] TCF bleaching, by removing chlorine from the process, reduces chlorinated organic compounds to background levels in pulp mill effluent. [40]
Trichloroisocyanuric acid is an organic compound with the formula (CONCl) 3.It is used as an industrial disinfectant, bleaching agent and a reagent in organic synthesis. [1] [2] [3] This white crystalline powder, which has a strong "chlorine odour," is sometimes sold in tablet or granule form for domestic and industrial use.
Percent active chlorine in these materials ranges from 20% for bleaching powder to 70% for HTH. Potassium hypochlorite, KOCl. This was the first chlorine-based bleaching agent, which became available around 1785 under the name Eau de Javel or "Javel water". It is no longer commonly used, having been superseded by the cheaper sodium analog.
The principal example is tert-butyl hypochlorite, which is a useful chlorinating agent. [3] Most hypochlorite salts are handled as aqueous solutions. Their primary applications are as bleaching, disinfection, and water treatment agents. They are also used in chemistry for chlorination and oxidation reactions.
CM professional practice includes specific activities such as defining the responsibilities and management structure of the project management team, organizing and leading by implementing project controls, defining roles and responsibilities, developing communication protocols, and identifying elements of project design and construction likely ...
Industrial bleaching agents can be sources of concern. For example, the use of elemental chlorine in the bleaching of wood pulp produces organochlorines and persistent organic pollutants, including dioxins. According to an industry group, the use of chlorine dioxide in these processes has reduced the dioxin generation to under-detectable levels ...