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If the purpose of a store is intentionally to overwrite data, for example when a password is being removed from memory, dead store optimizations can cause the write not to happen, leading to a security issue. [1] Some system libraries have specific functions designed to avoid such dangerous optimizations, e.g. explicit_bzero on OpenBSD. [2]
Data thus structured are said to be blocked. The process of putting data into blocks is called blocking, while deblocking is the process of extracting data from blocks. Blocked data is normally stored in a data buffer, and read or written a whole block at a time. Blocking reduces the overhead and speeds up the handling of the data stream. [3]
The original form of the pattern, appearing in Pattern Languages of Program Design 3, [2] has data races, depending on the memory model in use, and it is hard to get right. Some consider it to be an anti-pattern. [3] There are valid forms of the pattern, including the use of the volatile keyword in Java and explicit memory barriers in C++. [4]
Read-copy-update insertion procedure. A thread allocates a structure with three fields, then sets the global pointer gptr to point to this structure.. A key property of RCU is that readers can access a data structure even when it is in the process of being updated: RCU updaters cannot block readers or force them to retry their accesses.
Most locking designs block the execution of the thread requesting the lock until it is allowed to access the locked resource. With a spinlock, the thread simply waits ("spins") until the lock becomes available. This is efficient if threads are blocked for a short time, because it avoids the overhead of operating system process re-scheduling.
If this overwrites adjacent data or executable code, this may result in erratic program behavior, including memory access errors, incorrect results, and crashes. Exploiting the behavior of a buffer overflow is a well-known security exploit. On many systems, the memory layout of a program, or the system as a whole, is well defined.
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In this example, the lambda expression (lambda (book) (>= (book-sales book) threshold)) appears within the function best-selling-books. When the lambda expression is evaluated, Scheme creates a closure consisting of the code for the lambda expression and a reference to the threshold variable, which is a free variable inside the lambda expression.