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The Hepatitis B viral protein X is believed to cause hepatocellular carcinoma through transformation, typically of liver cells. The viral DNA is incorporated into the host cell's genome causing rapid cell replication and tumor growth.
It is the first step of viral replication. Some viruses attach to the cell membrane of the host cell and inject its DNA or RNA into the host to initiate infection. Attachment to a host cell is often achieved by a virus attachment protein that extends from the protein shell (), of a virus.
E1A encodes two major proteins in Ad5, translated after alternative splicing of the viral DNA transcript, that are able to cause a variety of different effects in mammalian cells. [2] The proteins encoded by E1A tend to localize in the nucleus and affect genetic regulation by the host cell. [1]
Transformation is one of three processes that lead to horizontal gene transfer, in which exogenous genetic material passes from one bacterium to another, the other two being conjugation (transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact) and transduction (injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage virus into the host ...
Viruses are a particularly effective form of gene delivery because the structure of the virus prevents degradation via lysosomes of the DNA it is delivering to the nucleus of the host cell. [28] In gene therapy a gene that is intended for delivery is packaged into a replication-deficient viral particle to form a viral vector . [ 29 ]
The excised DNA along with the viral DNA is then packaged into a new virus particle, which is then delivered to a new bacterium when the phage attacks new bacterium. Here, the donor genes can be inserted into the recipient chromosome or remain in the cytoplasm, depending on the nature of the bacteriophage.
The classification of viral proteins as early proteins or late proteins depends on their relationship with genome replication. While many viruses (such as HIV ) [1] are described as expressing early and late proteins, this definition of these terms is commonly reserved for class I DNA viruses .
Integration occurs following production of the double-stranded linear viral DNA by the viral RNA/DNA-dependent DNA polymerase reverse transcriptase. [9] The main function of IN is to insert the viral DNA into the host chromosomal DNA, an essential step for HIV replication. Integration is a "point of no return" for the cell, which becomes a ...