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In architecture, a core is a vertical space used for circulation and services. It may also be referred to as a circulation core or service core. A core may include staircases, elevators, electrical cables, water pipes and risers. A core allows people to move between the floors of a building, and distributes services efficiently to the floors.
If the service core (which contains the elevator shafts) becomes too big, it can reduce the profitability of the building. Architects must therefore balance the value gained by adding height against the value lost to the expanding service core. [10] Many tall buildings use elevators in a non-standard configuration to reduce their footprint.
Mechanical floors are generally counted in the building's floor numbering (this is required by some building codes) but are accessed only by service elevators. Some zoning regulations exclude mechanical floors from a building's maximum area calculation, permitting a significant increase in building sizes; this is the case in New York City. [1]
An early modern example of high-rise housing was in 17th-century Edinburgh, Scotland, where a defensive city wall defined the boundaries of the city. Due to the restricted land area available for development, the houses increased in height instead. Buildings of 11 stories were common, and there are records of buildings as high as 14 stories.
An office building in Accra, Ghana. Office buildings are generally categorized by size and by quality (e.g., "a low-rise Class A building") [2] Office buildings by size. Low-rise (less than 7 stories) Mid-rise (7–25 stories) High-rise (more than 25 stories), including skyscrapers (over 40 stories) Office buildings by quality [3] [4]
The Stubbins firm, at the time, had relatively little experience designing high-rise buildings. [10] The New York Times characterized the site as an "annex" to First National City Bank's main building at 399 Park Avenue.
Early skyscrapers emerged in the United States as a result of economic growth, the financial organization of American businesses, and the intensive use of land. [9] New York City was one of the centers of early skyscraper construction and had a history as a key seaport located on the small island of Manhattan, on the east coast of the U.S. [10] As a consequence of its colonial history and city ...
The building's core housed the elevator and utility shafts, restrooms, three stairwells, and other support spaces. The core of each tower was a rectangular area 87 by 135 feet (27 by 41 m), and contained 47 steel columns running from the bedrock to the top of the tower. [107]