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Conventional drug delivery is limited by the inability to control dosing, target specific sites, and achieve targeted permeability. Traditional methods of delivering therapeutics to the body experience challenges in achieving and maintaining maximum therapeutic effect while avoiding the effects of drug toxicity.
Ultrasound-triggered drug delivery using stimuli-responsive hydrogels refers to the process of using ultrasound energy for inducing drug release from hydrogels that are sensitive to acoustic stimuli. This method of approach is one of many stimuli-responsive drug delivery-based systems that has gained traction in recent years due to its ...
The conditioned compensatory response model, formed by Siegel (1975), postulates that the conditioned response is opposite to the unconditioned drug effect, such that the conditioned response is part of a homeostatic response resulting in the development of drug tolerance. [8] [12] Each conditioning model is empirically supported. [13]
This is one of several ways classical conditioning might be a factor in drug addiction and dependence. [2] In a classic experiment, Shepard Siegel conditioned rats with morphine. Later the rats were exposed to the same environmental stimuli that had been associated with morphine but did not receive the drug.
This method of drug delivery falls in the category of stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems which include pH, temperature, and redox-responsive systems. Mechanical forces occur naturally throughout the human body therefore, stretch-triggered drug delivery systems may be used to autonomously deliver medications to the body when needed.
Drug delivery systems have been around for many years, but there are a few recent applications of drug delivery that warrant 1. Drug delivery to the brain: Many drugs can be harmful when administered systemically; the brain is very sensitive to medications and can easily cause damage if a drug is administered directly into the bloodstream.
The stimulus–response model is a conceptual framework in psychology that describes how individuals react to external stimuli. According to this model, an external stimulus triggers a reaction in an organism, often without the need for conscious thought.
Cell lifespan models; Complex response models; PK/PD modeling has its importance at each step of the drug development [9] [10] and it has shown its usefulness in many diseases. [11] The Food and Drug Administration also provides guidances for Industry to recommend how exposure-response studies should be performed. [12]