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The bottom chart measures the genetic distance between all pairs of populations according to the Fst statistic. Populations separated by greater distance are more dissimilar than those that are geographically close. Isolation by distance (IBD) is a term used to refer to the accrual of local genetic variation under geographically limited ...
The Late Pleistocene is an unofficial age in the international geologic timescale in chronostratigraphy, also known as the Upper Pleistocene from a stratigraphic perspective. It is intended to be the fourth division of the Pleistocene Epoch within the ongoing Quaternary Period. It is currently defined as the time between c. 129,000 and c ...
Tucker, Dave (July 2010), "Whidbey Island glacial deposits", Northwest Geology Field Trips "Whidbey Island: Glacial erratics", Western Geo Hikes, January 29, 2008, archived from the original on 2015-06-10; Whidbey Island Glaciation (ESS 210) (PDF) (Field trip handbook), University of Washington Department of Earth and Space Sciences
The largely submarine Kuwae Caldera cuts the flank of the Late Pleistocene or Holocene Tavani Ruru volcano, the submarine volcano Karua lies near the northern rim of Kuwae Caldera. [ 2 ] Bismarck volcanic arc, the Rabaul Caldera includes the sub-vent of Tavurvur and the sub-vent of Vulcan .
The Gelasian was introduced in the geologic timescale in 1998. [5] It is named after the Sicilian city of Gela in the south of the island. In 2009 it was moved from the Pliocene to the Pleistocene so that the geologic time scale would be more consistent with the key changes in Earth's climate, oceans, and biota that occurred 2.58 million years ago.
By the late Pleistocene, the Mississippi River Valley had formed and much of the state was a coastal plain environment. [13] Pleistocene sediments cover roughly 20% of the surface of Louisiana largely in the southern part of the state. [14] Nevertheless, fossils of this age are rare. Mollusks inhabited the state's brackish and marine waters. [15]
Bab-el-Mandeb is a 30 km strait between East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, with a small island, Perim, 3 km off the Arabian bank. The strait has a major appeal in the study of Eurasian expansion in that it brings East Africa close to Eurasia.
The Pliocene follows the Miocene Epoch and is followed by the Pleistocene Epoch. Prior to the 2009 revision of the geologic time scale, which placed the four most recent major glaciations entirely within the Pleistocene, the Pliocene also included the Gelasian Stage, which lasted from 2.59 to 1.81 Ma, and is now included in the Pleistocene. [10]