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  2. Heading (navigation) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heading_(navigation)

    These directions are expressed in degrees from 0–360°, and also fractions of a degree. The differences between these two directions at any point on the globe is magnetic variation (also known as magnetic declination, but for the purposes of the mnemonic, the term 'variation' is preferred). When a compass is installed in a vehicle or vessel ...

  3. Bearing (navigation) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_(navigation)

    Accordingly, the direction at A of B, expressed as a bearing, is not in general the opposite of the direction at B of A (when traveling on the great circle formed by A and B); see inverse geodetic problem. For example, assume A and B in the northern hemisphere have the same latitude, and at A the direction to B is east-northeast. Then going ...

  4. Magnetic declination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_declination

    For an example refer to the sectional chart slightly west of Winston-Salem, North Carolina in March 2021, magnetic north is 8 degrees west of true north (Note the dashed line marked 8°W). [ 12 ] When plotting a course, some small aircraft pilots may plot a trip using true north on a sectional chart (map), then convert the true north bearings ...

  5. Geographic coordinate conversion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate...

    Coordinate conversion is composed of a number of different types of conversion: format change of geographic coordinates, conversion of coordinate systems, or transformation to different geodetic datums. Geographic coordinate conversion has applications in cartography, surveying, navigation and geographic information systems.

  6. Polar coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_coordinate_system

    the point's direction from the pole relative to the direction of the polar axis, a ray drawn from the pole. The distance from the pole is called the radial coordinate, radial distance or simply radius, and the angle is called the angular coordinate, polar angle, or azimuth. [1] The pole is analogous to the origin in a Cartesian coordinate system.

  7. Points of the compass - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Points_of_the_compass

    32-point compass rose. The points of the compass are a set of horizontal, radially arrayed compass directions (or azimuths) used in navigation and cartography.A compass rose is primarily composed of four cardinal directions—north, east, south, and west—each separated by 90 degrees, and secondarily divided by four ordinal (intercardinal) directions—northeast, southeast, southwest, and ...

  8. Spherical coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_coordinate_system

    The 'south'-direction x-axis is depicted but the 'north'-direction x-axis is not. (As in physics, ρ is often used instead of r to avoid confusion with the value r in cylindrical and 2D polar coordinates.) According to the conventions of geographical coordinate systems, positions are measured by latitude, longitude, and height (altitude).

  9. Solar azimuth angle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_azimuth_angle

    The following formulas can also be used to approximate the solar azimuth angle, but these formulas use cosine, so the azimuth angle as shown by a calculator will always be positive, and should be interpreted as the angle between zero and 180 degrees when the hour angle, h, is negative (morning) and the angle between 180 and 360 degrees when the ...