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Russula emetica: The sickener lactarorufin A, methoxyfuranalcohol, and R. emetica unnamed compound [39] North America, Europe, North Africa and Asia Russula aurea. Russula cyanoxantha. Russula subnigricans: unknown Sarcosphaera coronaria: Pink crown North America, Europe, North Africa and Asia Scleroderma citrinum: Common earthball unknown
Despite the difficulty in positively identifying collected specimens, the possibility to spot the toxic species by their acrid taste makes some of the mild species, such as R. cyanoxantha and R. vesca, popular edible mushrooms. Russula is mostly free of deadly poisonous species, and mild-tasting ones are all edible. [14] [failed verification]
Russula subnigricans is a poisonous mushroom, and has been responsible for mushroom poisoning in Taiwan and Japan. The effect is a serious one, rhabdomyolysis. The toxins responsible are the very unusual cycloprop-2-ene carboxylic acid (a toxic molecule consisting of only 10 atoms) and Russuphelin A (a heavily chlorinated polyphenolic).
Although many people have a fear of mushroom poisoning by "toadstools", only a small number of the many macroscopic fruiting bodies commonly known as mushrooms and toadstools have proven fatal to humans. This list is not exhaustive and does not contain many fungi that, although not deadly, are still harmful.
Fruitbodies of Lactifluus or Russula species otherwise hot-tasting and unpalatable are regarded as choice edibles in North America when infected by the "lobster mushroom" Hypomyces lactifluorum. [46] Heterotrophic plants, including orchids or monotropoids , also parasitise ectomycorrhizal Russulaceae and their plant partners – see above ...
Russula rhodocephala, also known as the redhead russula, is a species of gilled mushroom. [1] It typically grows in association with pine trees. [ 2 ] It is primarily found on the Pacific coast of western North America, although mushrooms with 97 percent genetic similarity are known from Asia.
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Hypomyces lactifluorum, or the lobster mushroom, is a parasitic ascomycete fungus that grows on certain species of mushrooms, turning them a reddish orange color that resembles the outer shell of a cooked lobster. Contrary to its common name, the species itself is neither a mushroom nor a crustacean.