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  2. Minute and second of arc - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc

    A second of arc, arcsecond (abbreviated as arcsec), or arc second, denoted by the symbol ″, [2] is a unit of angular measurement equal to ⁠ 1 / 60 ⁠ of a minute of arc, ⁠ 1 / 3600 ⁠ of a degree, [1] ⁠ 1 / 1 296 000 ⁠ of a turn, and ⁠ π / 648 000 ⁠ (about ⁠ 1 / 206 264.8 ⁠) of a radian.

  3. Euler angles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_angles

    The Euler angles are three angles introduced by Leonhard Euler to describe the orientation of a rigid body with respect to a fixed coordinate system. [ 1 ] They can also represent the orientation of a mobile frame of reference in physics or the orientation of a general basis in three dimensional linear algebra .

  4. Sine and cosine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_and_cosine

    In mathematics, sine and cosine are trigonometric functions of an angle.The sine and cosine of an acute angle are defined in the context of a right triangle: for the specified angle, its sine is the ratio of the length of the side opposite that angle to the length of the longest side of the triangle (the hypotenuse), and the cosine is the ratio of the length of the adjacent leg to that of the ...

  5. Orbital elements - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_elements

    In general, eight parameters are necessary to unambiguously define an arbitrary and unperturbed orbit. This is because the problem contains eight degrees of freedom.These correspond to the three spatial dimensions which define position (x, y, z in a Cartesian coordinate system), the velocity in each of these dimensions, the magnitude of acceleration (only magnitude is needed, as the direction ...

  6. Declination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declination

    In astronomy, declination (abbreviated dec; symbol δ) is one of the two angles that locate a point on the celestial sphere in the equatorial coordinate system, the other being hour angle. The declination angle is measured north (positive) or south (negative) of the celestial equator, along the hour circle passing through the point in question. [1]

  7. Hour angle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hour_angle

    These angles can be measured in time (24 hours to a circle) or in degrees (360 degrees to a circle)—one or the other, not both. Negative hour angles (−180° < LHA object < 0°) indicate the object is approaching the meridian, positive hour angles (0° < LHA object < 180°) indicate the object is moving away from the meridian; an hour angle ...

  8. Laplace operator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace_operator

    As a second-order differential operator, the Laplace operator maps C k functions to C k−2 functions for k ≥ 2.It is a linear operator Δ : C k (R n) → C k−2 (R n), or more generally, an operator Δ : C k (Ω) → C k−2 (Ω) for any open set Ω ⊆ R n.