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A chloridometer is a measuring instrument used to determine the concentration of chloride ions (Cl –) in a solution.It uses a process known as coulometric titration or amperostatic coulometry, the accepted electrochemistry reference method to determine the concentration of chloride in biological fluids, including blood serum, blood plasma, urine, sweat, and cerebrospinal fluid.
A 242A1 locomotive and standard gauge track at some model railway scales. This page lists the most relevant model railway scale standards in the world. Most standards are regional, but some have followers in other parts of the world outside their native region, most notably NEM and NMRA.
A Japanese H0e scale model railroad One of the smallest (Z scale, 1:220) placed on the buffer bar of one of the larger (live steam, 1:8) model locomotives HO scale (1:87) model of a North American center cab switcher shown with a pencil for size Z scale (1:220) scene of a 2-6-0 steam locomotive being turned. A scratch-built Russell snow plow is ...
When a train has made a full brake application due to adverse event, or has lost its train air due to a defective valve (a "kicker"), or a broken air line or train separation. The train crew will normally declare that they are "in emergency" over the train radio, thus warning other trains and the dispatcher that there is a problem. [101] [102]
a foreshortening technique using N scale model trains in the background (distance) with HO scale in the foreground. mixing 1:43 scale, 1:48 scale and 1:50 scale die-cast models with O scale model trains. using Matchbox cars (1:64 to 1:100) with HO scale and S scale. mixing OO scale British model trains with HO scale models. Both scales run on ...
Thus the scale and approximate prototype gauge are represented, with the model gauge used (9 mm for H0e gauge; 6.5 mm for H0f gauge) being implied. [2] The scales used include the general European modelling range of Z, N, TT, H0, 0 and also the large model engineering gauges of I to X, including 3 + 1 ⁄ 2, 5, 7 + 1 ⁄ 4 and 10 + 1 ⁄ 4-inch ...
Standard Gauge, also known as wide gauge, was an early model railway and toy train rail gauge, introduced in the United States in 1906 by Lionel Corporation. [1] As it was a toy standard, rather than a scale modeling standard, the actual scale of Standard Gauge locomotives and rolling stock varied.
Whilst the scale of structures can be considered the same in an O Scale layout regardless of track gauge (ignoring forced scale for purposes of perspective), On3 (3 ft (914 mm)), On30 (2 ft 6 in (762 mm)) or On2 (2 ft) prototype modelling permits a greater level of model detail and more appropriate scale operation of narrow gauge railway ...