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Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) may refer to one of at least two remote sensing-derived indexes related to liquid water: . One is used to monitor changes in water content of leaves, using near-infrared (NIR) and short-wave infrared (SWIR) wavelengths, proposed by Gao in 1996: [1]
Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of individual particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye, similar to smoke in air. The measurement of turbidity is a key test of both water clarity and water quality. Fluids can contain suspended solid matter consisting of particles of many different sizes.
Three glass vials used as turbidity standards for 5, 50, and 500 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). Turbidity is a measure of the cloudiness of water based on light scattering by particles at a 90-degree angle to the detector. A turbidity sensor is placed in water with a light source and a detector at a 90-degree angle to one another.
In order to increase the calculation speed for viscosity calculations based on CS theory, which is important in e.g. compositional reservoir simulations, while keeping the accuracy of the CS method, Pedersen et al. (1984, 1987, 1989) [17] [18] [2] proposed a CS method that uses a simple (or conventional) CS formula when calculating the reduced ...
The water in food has a tendency to evaporate, but the water vapor in the surrounding air has a tendency to condense into the food. When the two tendencies are in balance— and the air and food are stable—the air's relative humidity (expressed as a fraction instead of as a percentage) is taken to be the water activity, a w. Thus, water ...
Because they tend to correlate, three independent variables can be used to calculate the Carlson Index: chlorophyll pigments, total phosphorus and Secchi depth.Of these three, chlorophyll will probably yield the most accurate measures, as it is the most accurate predictor of biomass.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations establish limits for contaminants in bottled water. [10] Drinking water, including bottled water, may reasonably be expected to contain at least small amounts of some contaminants. The presence of these contaminants does not necessarily indicate that the water poses a health risk.
Ocean turbidity is a measure of the amount of cloudiness or haziness in sea water caused by individual particles that are too small to be seen without magnification. Highly turbid ocean waters are those with many scattering particulates in them.