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  2. Pyruvic acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvic_acid

    Pyruvate, the conjugate base, CH 3 COCOO −, is an intermediate in several metabolic pathways throughout the cell. Pyruvic acid can be made from glucose through glycolysis , converted back to carbohydrates (such as glucose) via gluconeogenesis , or converted to fatty acids through a reaction with acetyl-CoA . [ 3 ]

  3. Methylglyoxal pathway - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylglyoxal_pathway

    The methylglyoxal pathway is an offshoot of glycolysis found in some prokaryotes, which converts glucose into methylglyoxal and then into pyruvate. [1] However unlike glycolysis the methylglyoxal pathway does not produce adenosine triphosphate, ATP. The pathway is named after the substrate methylglyoxal which has three carbons and two carbonyl ...

  4. Glycolysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis

    d -Glucose + 2 [NAD] + + 2 [ADP] + 2 [P] i 2 × Pyruvate 2 × + 2 [NADH] + 2 H + + 2 [ATP] + 2 H 2 O Glycolysis pathway overview The use of symbols in this equation makes it appear unbalanced with respect to oxygen atoms, hydrogen atoms, and charges. Atom balance is maintained by the two phosphate (P i) groups: Each exists in the form of a hydrogen phosphate anion, dissociating to contribute ...

  5. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoenolpyruvic_acid

    Phosphoenolpyruvate (2-phosphoenolpyruvate, PEP) is the carboxylic acid derived from the enol of pyruvate and phosphate. It exists as an anion. PEP is an important intermediate in biochemistry. It has the highest-energy phosphate bond found (−61.9 kJ/mol) in organisms, and is involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

  6. Cellular respiration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_respiration

    The net gain from one cycle is 3 NADH and 1 FADH 2 as hydrogen (proton plus electron) carrying compounds and 1 high-energy GTP, which may subsequently be used to produce ATP. Thus, the total yield from 1 glucose molecule (2 pyruvate molecules) is 6 NADH, 2 FADH 2, and 2 ATP. [12] [13] [8]: 90–91

  7. Lactic acid fermentation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation

    The L enantiomer of lactic acid This animation focuses on one molecule of glucose turning into pyruvate then into lactic acid. In the process there is one 6-carbon glucose molecule and 2 NAD+ molecules. 2 phosphates attach to the ends of the glucose molecule, then glucose is split into 2 3-carbon pyruvate precursors.

  8. Acetyl-CoA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl-CoA

    Pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation in which it loses its carboxyl group (as carbon dioxide) to form acetyl-CoA, giving off 33.5 kJ/mol of energy. The oxidative conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA is referred to as the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction. It is catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Other conversions between ...

  9. Keto acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keto_acid

    In organic chemistry, keto acids or ketoacids (also called oxo acids or oxoacids) are organic compounds that contain a carboxylic acid group (−COOH) and a ketone group (>C=O). [1] In several cases, the keto group is hydrated. The alpha-keto acids are especially important in biology as they are involved in the Krebs citric acid cycle and in ...