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If the fair value is less than carrying value (impaired), the goodwill value needs to be reduced so the carrying value is equal to the fair value. The impairment loss is reported as a separate line item on the income statement, and new adjusted value of goodwill is reported in the balance sheet. [10]
The fair value adjustment can relate to any assets or liabilities recorded on the balance sheet (or off-balance sheet items that should be recorded). One usual suspect can be fixed assets where it is likely that for example the book value of property can deviate significantly from its fair market value.
IAS 2 requires that those assets that are considered inventory should be recorded at the lower of cost or net realisable value. Cost not only includes the purchase cost but also the conversion costs, which are the costs involved in bringing inventory to its present condition and location, such as direct labour.
Goodwill is treated as an intangible asset in the consolidated statement of financial position. It arises in cases where the cost of purchase of shares is not equal to their par value. For example, if a company buys shares of another company worth $40,000 for $60,000, there is a goodwill worth $20,000.
An asset's initial book value is its actual cash value or its acquisition cost. Cash assets are recorded or "booked" at actual cash value. Assets such as buildings, land and equipment are valued based on their acquisition cost, which includes the actual cash cost of the asset plus certain costs tied to the purchase of the asset, such as broker fees.
An impairment loss is determined by subtracting the asset's fair value from the asset's book/carrying value. Trademarks and goodwill are examples of intangible assets with indefinite useful lives. Goodwill has to be tested for impairment rather than amortized. If impaired, goodwill is reduced and loss is recognized in the Income statement.
The inventory value reported on the balance sheet is usually the historical cost or fair market value, whichever is lower. This is known as the " lower of cost or market " rule. Prepaid expenses – these are expenses paid in cash and recorded as assets before they are used or consumed (common examples are insurance or office supplies).
The code directs that LIFO may be used "only if the taxpayer establishes" that they have no other way of valuing their inventory. [ 1 ] In the FIFO example above, the company (Foo Co.), using LIFO accounting, would expense the cost associated with the first 75 units at $59, 125 more units at $55, and the remaining 10 units at $50.