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  2. Flavin adenine dinucleotide - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide

    FAD is an aromatic ring system, whereas FADH 2 is not. [12] This means that FADH 2 is significantly higher in energy, without the stabilization through resonance that the aromatic structure provides. FADH 2 is an energy-carrying molecule, because, once oxidized it regains aromaticity and releases the energy represented by this stabilization ...

  3. Coenzyme A - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme_A

    Coenzyme A (CoA, SHCoA, CoASH) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle.All genomes sequenced to date encode enzymes that use coenzyme A as a substrate, and around 4% of cellular enzymes use it (or a thioester) as a substrate.

  4. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acyl-CoA_dehydrogenase

    Structure of the medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase tetramer. FAD molecules are shown in yellow. The medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) is the best known structure of all ACADs, and is the most commonly deficient enzyme within the class that leads to metabolic disorders in animals. [1]

  5. Acyl-CoA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acyl-CoA

    This four step process repeats until acyl-CoA has removed all carbons from the chain, leaving only Acetyl-CoA. During one cycle of beta oxidation, Acyl-CoA creates one molecule of Acetyl-CoA, FADH2, and NADH. [7] Acetyl-CoA is then used in the citric acid cycle while FADH2 and NADH are sent to the electron transport chain. [8]

  6. Beta oxidation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_oxidation

    In practice, it is closer to 14 ATP for a full oxidation cycle as 2.5 ATP per NADH molecule is produced, 1.5 ATP per each FADH 2 molecule is produced and Acetyl-CoA produces 10 ATP per rotation of the citric acid cycle [13] (according to the P/O ratio). This breakdown is as follows:

  7. Glucose oxidase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_oxidase

    In order to work as a catalyst, GOx requires a coenzyme, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). FAD is a common component in biological oxidation-reduction reactions. Redox reactions involve a gain or loss of electrons from a molecule. In the GOx-catalyzed redox reaction, FAD works as the initial electron acceptor and is reduced to FADH −. [12]

  8. Flavin group - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_group

    There are 18 key atoms in isoalloxazine that make up its characteristic three-ring structure. The R-group varies and differentiates various flavins. Riboflavin. Flavins (from Latin flavus, "yellow") refers generally to the class of organic compounds containing the tricyclic heterocycle isoalloxazine or its isomer alloxazine, and derivatives thereof.

  9. Mitochondrial complex II deficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_complex_II...

    The electrons from this reaction then reduce FAD to FADH2, which ultimately reduces ubiquinone to ubiquinol in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. As of 2020, about 61 cases have been reported with genetic studies, [ 1 ] but there are also documented cases of CII deficiencies as determined by biochemical and histological analysis ...