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A systematic review of neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal and postnatal organophosphate pesticide exposure was done in 2014. The review found that "Most of the studies evaluating prenatal exposure observed a negative effect on mental development and an increase in attention problems in preschool and school children." [30]
The effects of inhalants range from an alcohol-like intoxication and intense euphoria to vivid hallucinations, depending on the substance and the dosage. Some inhalant users are injured due to the harmful effects of the solvents or gases, or due to other chemicals used in the products inhaled.
Health professionals have expressed concern as the large size may make it easier for neurotoxic effects and dependency to develop in users. [32] [33] Additionally, in 2024, flavored nitrous oxide canisters produced by Galaxy Gas and other brands have become popular, and also criticized for seemingly being marketed towards children. [34]
An experiment was conducted where pregnant rats were given drinking water, before and during pregnancy, that contained lead. Many detrimental effects, and signs of teratogenesis were found, such as negative impacts on the formation of the cerebellum, fetal mortality, and developmental issues for various parts of the body. [52]
The name "Whippet" is derived from an early seventeenth-century term, now obsolete, meaning "to move briskly." [14]In the Victorian era, English writers began describing an emerging modern breed of Whippet, also known as the snap-dog, a term derived from their tendency to readily 'snap up' nearby prey due to their naturally high prey drive. [15]
Overall, those children who were exposed to cocaine during pregnancy had lower scores on the Short Term Memory scale than unexposed children at all age levels, especially boys. Cocaine exposure also predicted lower IQ scores in general. [32] Exposing prenatal offspring to cocaine can cause irreversible damage and increase developmental risks. [32]
Fetal abnormalities are conditions that affect a fetus or embryo, are able to be diagnosed prenatally, and may be fatal or cause disease after birth.They may include aneuploidies, structural abnormalities, or neoplasms.
Another study, Brannigan et al. focused on how prenatal stress contributes to personality disorders by looking at children decades later born from mothers who spent time in a mental health clinic in Finland. [7] All of this research had found negative correlations between prenatal stress and the child's development.