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SAS 99 defines fraud as an intentional act that results in a material misstatement in financial statements. There are two types of fraud considered: misstatements arising from fraudulent financial reporting (e.g. falsification of accounting records) and misstatements arising from misappropriation of assets (e.g. theft of assets or fraudulent expenditures).
Substantive procedures (or substantive tests) are those activities performed by the auditor to detect material misstatement at the assertion level. [1]Management implicitly assert that account balances and disclosures and underlying classes of transactions do not contain any material misstatements: in other words, that they are materially complete, valid and accurate.
It is stated in ISA 315 (paragraph A.124) that the auditor should use assertions for classes of transactions, account balances, and presentation and disclosures in sufficient detail to form a basis for the assessment of risks of material misstatement and the design and performance of further audit procedures.
The lower the audit risk, the higher the materiality will be set. In terms of the Conceptual Framework (see "materiality in accounting" above), materiality also has a qualitative aspect. This means that, even if a misstatement is not material in "Dollar" (or other denomination) terms, it may still be material because of its nature.
In developing that conclusion, the auditor evaluates whether audit evidence corroborates or contradicts financial statement assertions. [2] Second, auditors are required to consider the risk of material misstatement through understanding the entity and its environment, including the entity's internal control.
Sampling risk is one of the many types of risks an auditor may face when performing the necessary procedure of audit sampling. Audit sampling exists because of the impractical and costly effects of examining all or 100% of a client's records or books. As a result, a "sample" of a client's accounts are examined. [1]
Inherent risk is one of two components of the risk of material misstatement i.e. the risk that the financial statements are materiality misstated prior to audit. The other component is control risk. [1] Audit risk is a function of the risk of material misstatement and detection risk. [1]
Audit risk (also referred to as residual risk) as per ISA 200 refers to the risk that the auditor expresses an inappropriate opinion when the financial statements are materiality misstated. This risk is composed of: