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Business plans that identify and target internal goals, but provide only general guidance on how they will be met are called strategic plans. [7] Operational plans describe the goals of an internal organization, working group or department. [8] Project plans, sometimes known as project frameworks, describe the goals of a particular project.
A research proposal is a document proposing a research project, generally in the sciences or academia, and generally constitutes a request for sponsorship of that research. [1] Proposals are evaluated on the cost and potential impact of the proposed research, and on the soundness of the proposed plan for carrying it out. [ 2 ]
Executive summaries are important as a communication tool in both academia and business. For example, members of Texas A&M University's Department of Agricultural Economics observe that "An executive summary is an initial interaction between the writers of the report and their target readers: decision makers, potential customers, and/or peers ...
Prior to founding the Project, Calkins was a researcher working with Donald Graves on the first research study on writing funded by the National Institute of Education. [9] After founding the Project, Calkins developed methodologies designed to increase the amount of writing in classrooms, such as the use of texts as models for writing. [10]
In the United States, a typical ratio of research and development for an industrial company is about 3.5% of revenues; this measure is called "R&D intensity". [citation needed] A high technology company, such as a computer manufacturer, might spend 7% or a pharmaceutical companies such as Merck & Co. 14.1% or Novartis 15.1%.
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The International Council on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, a 2015 Swiss NGO of pharmaceutical companies and others, defined a contract research organization (CRO), specifically pertaining to clinical trials services as: [8]: 10 "A person or an organization (commercial, academic, or other) contracted by the sponsor to perform one or ...
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