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Electric dipole p and its torque τ in a uniform E field. An object with an electric dipole moment p is subject to a torque τ when placed in an external electric field E. The torque tends to align the dipole with the field. A dipole aligned parallel to an electric field has lower potential energy than a dipole making some non-zero angle with it.
In short, an electric potential is the electric potential energy per unit charge. This value can be calculated in either a static (time-invariant) or a dynamic (time-varying) electric field at a specific time with the unit joules per coulomb (J⋅C −1) or volt (V). The electric potential at infinity is assumed to be zero.
Therefore, a molecule's dipole is an electric dipole with an inherent electric field that should not be confused with a magnetic dipole, which generates a magnetic field. The physical chemist Peter J. W. Debye was the first scientist to study molecular dipoles extensively, and, as a consequence, dipole moments are measured in the non- SI unit ...
Within the Standard Model, such a dipole is predicted to be non-zero but very small, at most 10 −38 e⋅cm, [2] where e stands for the elementary charge. The discovery of a substantially larger electron electric dipole moment would imply a violation of both parity invariance and time reversal invariance. [3] [4]
The potential V(R), due to the charge distribution, at a point R outside the charge distribution, i.e., | R | > r max, can be expanded in powers of 1/R. Two ways of making this expansion can be found in the literature: The first is a Taylor series in the Cartesian coordinates x , y , and z , while the second is in terms of spherical harmonics ...
The electric displacement field "D" is defined as +, where is the vacuum permittivity (also called permittivity of free space), E is the electric field, and P is the (macroscopic) density of the permanent and induced electric dipole moments in the material, called the polarization density.
The Liénard–Wiechert potentials describe the classical electromagnetic effect of a moving electric point charge in terms of a vector potential and a scalar potential in the Lorenz gauge. Stemming directly from Maxwell's equations , these describe the complete, relativistically correct, time-varying electromagnetic field for a point charge in ...
The following outline of proof states the derivation from the definition of electric potential energy and Coulomb's law to this formula. Outline of proof The electrostatic force F acting on a charge q can be written in terms of the electric field E as F = q E , {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =q\mathbf {E} ,}