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  2. Stack (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_(geology)

    These cracks then gradually get larger and turn into caves. If a cave wears through a headland, an arch forms. Further erosion causes the arch to collapse, leaving the pillar of hard rock standing away from the coast, the stack. Eventually, erosion will cause the stack to collapse, leaving a stump.

  3. List of rock formations of New Zealand - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rock_formations_of...

    Wave erosion Sea cliffs in sandstone and mudstone with a raised shore platform. 42°05′31″S 171°20′20″E  /  42.09194°S 171.33889°E  / -42.09194; 171

  4. File:Time-lapse video of bluff erosion on Barter Island ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Time-lapse_video_of...

    A pole on the bluff, visible in the first half of the video, once supported another video camera that was aimed at the shoreline to study wave and shoreline dynamics. This video starts on June 1st at -4°C (25° F) when the bluffs are still frozen, snow is on the ground, and the winter pack ice protects the permafrost cliffs from wave attack.

  5. Erosion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion

    Erosion and changes in the form of river banks may be measured by inserting metal rods into the bank and marking the position of the bank surface along the rods at different times. [23] Thermal erosion is the result of melting and weakening permafrost due to moving water. [24] It can occur both along rivers and at the coast.

  6. Surtsey - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtsey

    However, eruptions more than kept pace with wave erosion, and by February 1964, the island had a maximum diameter of over 1,300 metres (4,265 feet). [ 5 ] The explosive phreatomagmatic eruptions caused by the easy access of water to the erupting vents threw rocks up to a kilometre (0.6 mi) away from the island, and sent ash clouds as high as 10 ...

  7. Dynamic revetment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_revetment

    Bayocean, Oregon, January 2020. Dynamic revetments, also known as "cobble berms" or "dynamic cobble berm revetments", use gravel or cobble-sized rocks to mimic a natural cobble storm beach for the purpose of reducing wave energy and stopping or slowing coastal erosion. [1]

  8. Beach evolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_evolution

    Structural erosion is due to sea-level rise relative to the land and, in some spots, it is caused by harbour dams. The Dutch coast looked at as a single unit shows erosive behaviour. Approximately 12 million m³ of sand is transferred annually from the North Sea to the Wadden Sea as a result of relative rising sea level and coastal erosion.

  9. Coastal erosion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_erosion

    Coastal erosion may be caused by hydraulic action, abrasion, impact and corrosion by wind and water, and other forces, natural or unnatural. [3] On non-rocky coasts, coastal erosion results in rock formations in areas where the coastline contains rock layers or fracture zones with varying resistance to erosion.