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The welfare state in Britain : a political history since 1945 (1993) online; Jones, Margaret, and Rodney Lowe, eds. From Beveridge to Blair: the first fifty years of Britain's welfare state 1948–98 (Manchester UP, 2002). online; Laybourn Keith. The Evolution of British Social Policy and the Welfare State, c. 1800–1993 (Keele University ...
The State of Welfare: The economics of social spending (2nd ed, Oxford UP, 1998) summary; Halévy, Elie. History of the English People: The Rule of Democracy, 1905–1914 (1934), online; highly detailed political history. Harris, Bernard. The origins of the British welfare state: social welfare in England and Wales, 1800–1945 (Palgrave, 2004).
Social expenditure as % of GDP (). A welfare state is a form of government in which the state (or a well-established network of social institutions) protects and promotes the economic and social well-being of its citizens, based upon the principles of equal opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for citizens unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions ...
He considered them to be "eroding freedom" and "undermining individual responsibility". [73] The Liberal journalist and editor of The Economist (1907–1916), F. W. Hirst, also opposed the reforms and the welfare state in general. [74] Some workers objected to paying 4d per week to the National Insurance contributions.
These tables are lists of social welfare spending as a percentage of GDP compiled by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ("OECD") into the OECD Social Expenditure Database which "includes reliable and internationally comparable statistics on public and mandatory and voluntary private social expenditure at programme level." [1]
Used by the UK, Ireland, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, and the South Asian countries the British model tends to have a welfare state of roughly average size, relative to high-income OECD countries, but less comprehensive than those in Scandinavia and much of continental Europe. They have somewhat more poverty and higher inequality.
The commitment to modernise the welfare state was tackled by the introduction of "welfare to work" programmes [58] [59] to motivate the unemployed to return to work instead of drawing benefit. Poverty reduction programmes were targeted at specific groups, including children and the elderly, and took the form of what were termed "New Deals".
The model states that from 1945 until the arrival of Thatcher in 1979, there was a broad multi-partisan national consensus on social and economic policy, especially regarding the welfare state, nationalised health services, educational reform, a mixed economy, government regulation, Keynesian macroeconomic policies, and full employment.