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  2. VSEPR theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSEPR_theory

    However, the bond angle between the two O–H bonds is only 104.5°, rather than the 109.5° of a regular tetrahedron, because the two lone pairs (whose density or probability envelopes lie closer to the oxygen nucleus) exert a greater mutual repulsion than the two bond pairs. [1]: 410–417 [10]

  3. Chemical bonding of water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bonding_of_water

    2 O reveals four different energy levels that correspond to the ionization energies of the two bonding and two nonbonding pairs of elections at 12.6eV, 14.7eV, 18.5eV, and 32.2eV. [1] This suggest that neither the two O-H bonds nor the two sp 3 lone pairs are degenerate in energy.

  4. Tetrahedral molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry

    The most common arrangement of hydrogen atoms around an oxygen is tetrahedral with two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to oxygen and two attached by hydrogen bonds. Since the hydrogen bonds vary in length many of these water molecules are not symmetrical and form transient irregular tetrahedra between their four associated hydrogen atoms. [4]

  5. Molecular orbital diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_orbital_diagram

    In contrast to the sigma 1s MO's, the σ 2p has some non-bonding electron density at either side of the nuclei and the σ* 2p has some electron density between the nuclei. The other two p-orbitals, p y and p x, can overlap side-on. The resulting bonding orbital has its electron density in the shape of two lobes above and below the plane of the ...

  6. Bent molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent_molecular_geometry

    Certain atoms, such as oxygen, will almost always set their two (or more) covalent bonds in non-collinear directions due to their electron configuration. Water (H 2 O) is an example of a bent molecule, as well as its analogues. The bond angle between the two hydrogen atoms is approximately 104.45°. [1]

  7. Molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_geometry

    A bond angle is the geometric angle between two adjacent bonds. Some common shapes of simple molecules include: Linear: In a linear model, atoms are connected in a straight line. The bond angles are set at 180°. For example, carbon dioxide and nitric oxide have a linear molecular shape.

  8. Lewis structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_structure

    The nitrogen atom has only 6 electrons assigned to it. One of the lone pairs on an oxygen atom must form a double bond, but either atom will work equally well. Therefore, there is a resonance structure. Tie up loose ends. Two Lewis structures must be drawn: Each structure has one of the two oxygen atoms double-bonded to the nitrogen atom.

  9. Ice rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_rules

    The rules state each oxygen is covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms, and that the oxygen atom in each water molecule forms two hydrogen bonds with other water molecules, so that there is precisely one hydrogen between each pair of oxygen atoms. [2] In other words, in ordinary I h ice, every oxygen is bonded to the total of four hydrogens ...

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