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Simplification is the process of replacing a mathematical expression by an equivalent one that is simpler (usually shorter), according to a well-founded ordering. Examples include:
3s = 1.. The series 1 / 4 + 1 / 16 + 1 / 64 + 1 / 256 + ⋯ lends itself to some particularly simple visual demonstrations because a square and a triangle both divide into four similar pieces, each of which contains 1 / 4 the area of the original.
Substitutions of hyperbolic functions can also be used to simplify integrals. [ 4 ] For example, to integrate 1 / a 2 + x 2 {\displaystyle 1/{\sqrt {a^{2}+x^{2}}}} , introduce the substitution x = a sinh u {\displaystyle x=a\sinh {u}} (and hence d x = a cosh u d u {\displaystyle dx=a\cosh u\,du} ), then use the identity cosh 2 ( x ...
The Barzilai-Borwein method [1] is an iterative gradient descent method for unconstrained optimization using either of two step sizes derived from the linear trend of the most recent two iterates.
The inverse Langevin function (L −1 (x)) is without an explicit analytical form, but there exist several approximations. [21] The inverse Langevin function L −1 (x) is defined on the open interval (−1, 1). For small values of x, it can be approximated by a truncation of its Taylor series [22]
As there is zero X n+1 or X −1 in (1 + X) n, one might extend the definition beyond the above boundaries to include () = when either k > n or k < 0. This recursive formula then allows the construction of Pascal's triangle , surrounded by white spaces where the zeros, or the trivial coefficients, would be.
The Quine–McCluskey algorithm (QMC), also known as the method of prime implicants, is a method used for minimization of Boolean functions that was developed by Willard V. Quine in 1952 [1] [2] and extended by Edward J. McCluskey in 1956. [3]
Plot of the Bring radical for real argument. In algebra, the Bring radical or ultraradical of a real number a is the unique real root of the polynomial + +.. The Bring radical of a complex number a is either any of the five roots of the above polynomial (it is thus multi-valued), or a specific root, which is usually chosen such that the Bring radical is real-valued for real a and is an ...