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Complex inheritance, or inheritance used within an insufficiently mature design, may lead to the yo-yo problem. When inheritance was used as a primary approach to structure programs in the late 1990s, developers tended to break code into more layers of inheritance as the system functionality grew.
Composition over inheritance (or composite reuse principle) in object-oriented programming (OOP) is the principle that classes should favor polymorphic behavior and code reuse by their composition (by containing instances of other classes that implement the desired functionality) over inheritance from a base or parent class. [2]
[1] The concept of class hierarchy in computer science is very similar to taxonomy , the classifications of species. The relationships are specified in the science of object-oriented design and object interface standards defined by popular use, language designers ( Java , C++ , Smalltalk , Visual Prolog ) and standards committees for software ...
Some languages like Go do not support inheritance at all. Go states that it is object-oriented, [35] and Bjarne Stroustrup, author of C++, has stated that it is possible to do OOP without inheritance. [36] The doctrine of composition over inheritance advocates implementing has-a relationships using composition instead of inheritance. For ...
The factory method pattern relies on inheritance, as object creation is delegated to subclasses that implement the factory method to create objects. [3] The pattern can also rely on the implementation of an interface.
They claim that inheritance often breaks encapsulation, given that inheritance exposes a subclass to the details of its parent's implementation. [11] As described by the yo-yo problem, overuse of inheritance and therefore encapsulation, can become too complicated and hard to debug.
The curiously recurring template pattern (CRTP) is an idiom, originally in C++, in which a class X derives from a class template instantiation using X itself as a template argument. [1] More generally it is known as F-bound polymorphism , and it is a form of F -bounded quantification .
Multiple inheritance is a feature of some object-oriented computer programming languages in which an object or class can inherit features from more than one parent object or parent class. It is distinct from single inheritance, where an object or class may only inherit from one particular object or class.