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Desiccated thyroid has roughly a 4:1 ratio of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3). In humans, the ratio is 11:1. [10] A combination of various ratios of T4 and T3 might not provide benefits over T4 alone. Some controlled trials have shown inconsistent benefits of various ratios of T4 and T3. [11] [12]
While T3 and T4 thyroid hormones rely on MCT8 to enter several tissues such as the brain, tiratricol can enter cells independently of MCT8. [1] Once inside cells, tiratricol activates the thyroid hormone receptor in a similar way to endogenous T3. [1] The most common side effects are excessive sweating, irritability, anxiety and nightmares. [1]
Thyroid hormones act on nearly every cell in the body. They act to increase the basal metabolic rate, affect protein synthesis, help regulate long bone growth (synergy with growth hormone) and neural maturation, and increase the body's sensitivity to catecholamines (such as adrenaline) by permissiveness. [12]
Liothyronine may be used when there is an impaired conversion of T 4 to T 3 in peripheral tissues. [1] The dose of liothyronine for hypothyroidism is a lower amount than levothyroxine due it being a higher concentrated synthetic medication. [1]
The T4 → T3 conversion is mediated by the selenoenzyme iodothyronine deiodinase. T3-thyroxine is a unique example of an iodine compound that is essential for human health. [38] [39] T 3 binds to thyroid receptor proteins in the cell nucleus and causes metabolic effects through the control of DNA transcription and protein synthesis. [24]
The compound migrated close to thyroxine in chromatography and they initially named it 'unknown 1' . Around that time a group led by Jean Roche in Paris described a deiodinating activity in the sheep thyroid gland, raising the possibility that 'unknown 1' is the less iodinated analogue of T4, triiodothyronine. [24]
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Liotrix is a 4:1 mixture of thyroxine (T 4) and triiodothyronine (T 3) made synthetically.It is used to replenish thyroid hormones in thyroid deficiency and hypothyroidism.The only brand of liotrix available in the U.S. is Thyrolar, manufactured by Forest Laboratories.