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Sir Francis Beaufort. The scale that carries Beaufort's name had a long and complex evolution from the previous work of others (including Daniel Defoe the century before). In the 18th century, naval officers made regular weather observations, but there was no standard scale and so they could be very subjective — one man's "stiff breeze" might be another's "soft breeze"—: Beaufort succeeded ...
Beaufort Wind Scale; 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12; Calm: Light Air: Light Breeze: Gentle Breeze: Moderate Breeze: Fresh Breeze: Strong Breeze: Near Gale: Gale: Strong ...
Wind direction is given first, then strength (on the Beaufort scale), followed by precipitation, if any, and (usually) lastly visibility. Change in wind direction is indicated by "veering" ( clockwise change) or "backing" (anti-clockwise change).
The National Weather Service issues a similar high wind warning (Specific Area Message Encoding code: HWW) for high winds on land. The criteria vary from place to place; however, in most cases, the warning applies to winds of 40 miles per hour (64 km/h) to 73 miles per hour (117 km/h) for at least 1 hour; or any gusts of 58 miles per hour (93 ...
At some point, the lower limit was reduced to 23 miles per hour (20 knots). Today, however, most places have standardized on 25 to 38 miles per hour (22 to 33 knots), encompassing the combined ranges of forces 6 and 7 on the Beaufort scale. Winds strong enough to trigger a small craft advisory may be referred to as being advisory-force.
The Medieval and Early Modern Nautical Chart: Birth, Evolution and Use, Lisbon-based ERC-funded academic project. They develop and maintain the MEDEA-CHART Database, a sophisticated search engine and aggregator of early nautical charts data. Online version of Chart No.1 with "Symbols, Abbreviations and Terms" used in nautical charts
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Navigation charts at a scale of 1:50,000 or smaller (1:100,000 is a smaller scale than 1:50,000) use the Mercator projection, and have since at least the 1930s. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] The Mercator projection has the property of maintaining angles correctly, so that a line on the earth's surface that crosses all the meridians at the same angle (a rhumb ...