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  2. Count-distinct problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count-distinct_problem

    In computer science, the count-distinct problem [1] (also known in applied mathematics as the cardinality estimation problem) is the problem of finding the number of distinct elements in a data stream with repeated elements. This is a well-known problem with numerous applications.

  3. Data cleansing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_cleansing

    Set-Membership constraints: The values for a column come from a set of discrete values or codes. For example, a person's sex may be Female, Male or Non-Binary. Foreign-key constraints: This is the more general case of set membership. The set of values in a column is defined in a column of another table that contains unique values.

  4. Determining the number of clusters in a data set - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determining_the_number_of...

    Each of the parts is then set aside at turn as a test set, a clustering model computed on the other v − 1 training sets, and the value of the objective function (for example, the sum of the squared distances to the centroids for k-means) calculated for the test set. These v values are calculated and averaged for each alternative number of ...

  5. Table (database) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(database)

    In a database, a table is a collection of related data organized in table format; consisting of columns and rows.. In relational databases, and flat file databases, a table is a set of data elements (values) using a model of vertical columns (identifiable by name) and horizontal rows, the cell being the unit where a row and column intersect. [1]

  6. Cluster analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_analysis

    A number of measures are adapted from variants used to evaluate classification tasks. In place of counting the number of times a class was correctly assigned to a single data point (known as true positives), such pair counting metrics assess whether each pair of data points that is truly in the same cluster is predicted to be in the same ...

  7. Consumer stocks 2025: Watch out for discount retailers and ...

    www.aol.com/consumer-stocks-2025-watch-discount...

    Among the fast food giants, McDonald's is making a splash with its new value platform starting on Jan. 7, its first national value offering since 2018.Bernstein analyst Danilo Gargiulo called it a ...

  8. Iterative proportional fitting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterative_proportional_fitting

    The iterative proportional fitting procedure (IPF or IPFP, also known as biproportional fitting or biproportion in statistics or economics (input-output analysis, etc.), RAS algorithm [1] in economics, raking in survey statistics, and matrix scaling in computer science) is the operation of finding the fitted matrix which is the closest to an initial matrix but with the row and column totals of ...

  9. Move Over 'Rage Applying' And 'Quiet Quitting,' 2025 Will Be ...

    www.aol.com/finance/move-over-rage-applying...

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