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The hexaxial reference system is a diagram that is used to determine the heart's electrical axis in the frontal plane.. In electrocardiography, left axis deviation (LAD) is a condition wherein the mean electrical axis of ventricular contraction of the heart lies in a frontal plane direction between −30° and −90°.
Characterizing the size of the left atrium according to its volume is preferred over a single linear dimension since enlargement can be different for different directions. For example, because of the smaller distance in the thoracic cavity between the sternum and spine , compared to the other directions, less room exists for enlargement of the ...
Overall incidence of sinus node dysfunction increases with age [10] with 1 in 1000 in adults over 45 years old [6] and 1 in 600 cardiac patients over 65 years old. [5] Sinus node dysfunction is the primary indication for approximately 30%-50% of all pacemaker implantation in the United States. [ 10 ]
Junctional rhythm is seen equally in men and women, and can be seen intermittently in young children and athletes, especially during sleep. It occurs commonly in patients with sinus node dysfunction. 1/600 cardiology patients over the age of 65 have sinus node dysfunction.
When left bundle-branch block (LBBB) is accompanied by right axis deviation (RAD), the rare combination is considered to be highly suggestive of dilated or congestive cardiomyopathy. [29] [30] Echocardiogram shows left ventricular dilatation with normal or thinned walls and reduced ejection fraction.
Left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) is an abnormal condition of the left ventricle of the heart, [1] [2] related to, but distinguished from, left bundle branch block (LBBB). It is caused by only the left anterior fascicle – one half of the left bundle branch being defective. It is manifested on the ECG by left axis deviation.
The study used data sourced from large-scale surveys of the US population and found that 38.9 percent of men between 75 to 85 years of age remained intimately active.
An ECG may show left ventricular hypertrophy and signs of left heart strain. [31] Left axis deviation can be a sign of advanced disease. [31] An echocardiogram can be helpful in determining the root cause of the disease, as it will clearly show aortic root dilation or dissection if it exists. [31]