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In linguistics, a pro-form is a type of function word or expression (linguistics) that stands in for (expresses the same content as) another word, phrase, clause or sentence where the meaning is recoverable from the context. [1]
The term pro forma (Latin for "as a matter of form" or "for the sake of form") is most often used to describe a practice or document that is provided as a courtesy or satisfies minimum requirements, conforms to a norm or doctrine, tends to be performed perfunctorily or is considered a formality.
While the stereotypical proform is a pronoun and the stereotypical antecedent a noun or noun phrase, these examples demonstrate that most any syntactic category can in fact serve as an antecedent to a proform, whereby the proforms themselves are a diverse bunch. [2]
An important aspect of the proform test is the fact that it fails to identify most subphrasal strings as constituents, e.g. (d) *Drunks do so/it put off the customers (do so/it = could) (e) *Drunks could do so/it off the customers (do so/it = put) (f) *Drunks could put so/it the customers (so/it = off) (g) *Drunks could put off the them.
The earlier occurrence is known as the antecedent and the other is called a proform, anaphor, or reference. However, pronouns can sometimes refer forward, as in "When she arrived home, Alice went to sleep." In such cases, the coreference is called cataphoric rather than anaphoric.
The proform analysis assumes that parasitic gaps actually contain a covert element, this element having the status of definite proform. [8] Proform analyses have the advantage that they immediately accommodate the simple observation that many parasitic gaps occur optionally; the covert proform has the option to be overt.
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