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  2. Vacuole - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuole

    The function and significance of vacuoles varies greatly according to the type of cell in which they are present, having much greater prominence in the cells of plants, fungi and certain protists than those of animals and bacteria. In general, the functions of the vacuole include: Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell

  3. Endomembrane system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endomembrane_system

    They are larger than vesicles and their specific function varies. The operations of vacuoles are different for plant and animal vacuoles. In plant cells, vacuoles cover anywhere from 30% to 90% of the total cell volume. [32] Most mature plant cells contain one large central vacuole encompassed by a membrane called the tonoplast.

  4. Major intrinsic proteins - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_intrinsic_proteins

    Plant tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIP). There are various isoforms of TIP : alpha (seed), gamma, Rt (root), and Wsi (water-stress induced). These proteins may allow the diffusion of water, amino acids and/or peptides from the tonoplast interior to the cytoplasm.

  5. Plant cell - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_cell

    Structure of a plant cell. Plant cells are the cells present in green plants, photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae.Their distinctive features include primary cell walls containing cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin, the presence of plastids with the capability to perform photosynthesis and store starch, a large vacuole that regulates turgor pressure, the absence of flagella or ...

  6. Cell wall - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall

    A cell wall is a structural layer that surrounds some cell types, found immediately outside the cell membrane.It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. Primarily, it provides the cell with structural support, shape, protection, and functions as a selective barrier. [1]

  7. H+, Na+-translocating pyrophosphatase family - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H+,_Na+-translocating...

    The plant enzymes probably pump one H + upon hydrolysis of pyrophosphate, thereby generating a proton motive force, positive and acidic in the tonoplast lumen. They establish a pmf of similar magnitude to that generated by the H +-translocating ATPases in the same vacuolar membrane. The bacterial and archaeal proteins may catalyze fully ...

  8. Aquaporin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaporin

    In 1999, together with other research teams, Agre reported the first high-resolution images of the three-dimensional structure of an aquaporin, namely, aquaporin-1. [23] Further studies using supercomputer simulations identified the pathway of water as it moved through the channel and demonstrated how a pore can allow water to pass without the ...

  9. Sieve tube element - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_tube_element

    Their narrow pores are necessary in their function in most seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms which lack sieve-tube members and only have sieve cells to transport molecules. [1] While sieve cells have smaller sieve areas, they are still distributed across several cells to still effectively transport material to various tissue within the ...