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This might be leading "an increase of bifurcation and generation of superoxidase radicals and increase oxidative stress in various types of cancer cells." [6] In the electron transport chain NADH is mainly used to create a concentration gradient of hydrogen in order to make ATP.
Biosensors used for screening combinatorial DNA libraries. In a biosensor, the bioreceptor is designed to interact with the specific analyte of interest to produce an effect measurable by the transducer. High selectivity for the analyte among a matrix of other chemical or biological components is a key requirement of the bioreceptor.
The redox reporter (blue) is far away from the gold electrode on the unfolded (or partially unfolded) DNA in the absence of target molecule (purple). Upon target binding, the DNA changes structure by folding, bringing the redox reporter closer to the electrode surface. Right: The change in current produces a signal relative to the baseline.
To prepare for BLI analysis between two unique biomolecules, the ligand is first immobilized onto a bio compatible biosensor while the analyte is in solution. [5] Shortly after this, the biosensor tip is dipped into the solution and the target molecule will begin to associate with the analyte, producing a layer on top of the biosensor tip.
For instance, a study by Bandi et al. found that miR-15a and miR-16 function in tumorigenesis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. [61] miRNA biosensors also have a significant role in the elucidation of disease mechanisms. For example, a study on cardiovascular diseases found that miRNA biosensors based on DNA tetrahedron ...
In amperometric biosensors, an enzyme-catalyzed redox reaction causes a redox electron current that is measured by a working electrode. [11] Amperometric biosensors have been used in bio-MEMS for detection of glucose, galactose, lactose, urea, and cholesterol, as well as for applications in gas detection and DNA hybridization. [11]
The changes after adding EDTA reverse the changes result in the formation of original spectra (shown in red). Chemosensors were first used to describe the combination of a molecular recognition with some form of reporter so the presence of a guest can be observed (also referred to as the analyte, c.f. above). [ 17 ]
The actual concentration of NAD + in cell cytosol is harder to measure, with recent estimates in animal cells ranging around 0.3 mM, [18] [19] and approximately 1.0 to 2.0 mM in yeast. [20] However, more than 80% of NADH fluorescence in mitochondria is from bound form, so the concentration in solution is much lower.