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Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen (German:; 30 March 1811 [a] – 16 August 1899) was a German chemist. He investigated emission spectra of heated elements, and discovered caesium (in 1860) and rubidium (in 1861) with the physicist Gustav Kirchhoff. [11] The Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award for spectroscopy is named after Bunsen and Kirchhoff.
Spectroscope of Kirchhoff and Bunsen. The systematic attribution of spectra to chemical elements began in the 1860s with the work of German physicists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff, [30] who found that Fraunhofer lines correspond to emission spectral lines observed in laboratory light sources. This laid way for spectrochemical analysis in ...
This category is for historic maps showing all or part of Europe. See subcategories for smaller areas. "Historic maps" means maps made over seventy (70) years ago.
A map of Europe as it appeared in 1815 after the Congress of Vienna. This article gives a detailed listing of all the countries, including puppet states, that have existed in Europe since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to the present day. Each country has information separated into columns: name of the distinct country, its lifespan, the ...
The largest cities in Europe have official populations of over one million inhabitants within their city boundaries. These rankings are based on populations contained within city administrative boundaries, as opposed to urban areas or metropolitan areas , which necessarily have larger populations than the cities at their core.
[1] [2] He also coined the term black body in 1860. [3] Several different sets of concepts are named "Kirchhoff's laws" after him, which include Kirchhoff's circuit laws, Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation, and Kirchhoff's law of thermochemistry. The Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award for spectroscopy is named after Kirchhoff and his colleague, Robert ...
Bunsen was recruiting countless scientists to assist in his academic research. Christomanos was involved with Bunsen and his associates. He also worked at different chemical institutions. Around this period, Kirchhoff and Bunsen invented the spectroscope. Kirchhoff used the instrument to pioneer the identification of the elements in the Sun.
This is a list of sovereign states in the 1860s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1860 and 31 December 1869. It contains entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty .