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2. Water softening - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softening

   Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions. Soft water also extends the lifetime of plumbing by reducing or eliminating scale build-up in pipes and fittings.

3. Solvation shell - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvation_shell

   Solvation shell. The first solvation shell of a sodium ion dissolved in water. A solvation shell or solvation sheath is the solvent interface of any chemical compound or biomolecule that constitutes the solute in a solution. When the solvent is water it is called a hydration shell or hydration sphere. The number of solvent molecules surrounding ...

4. Ion exchange - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_exchange

   Ion exchange. Ion exchange is a reversible interchange of one species of ion present in an insoluble solid with another of like charge present in a solution surrounding the solid. Ion exchange is used in softening or demineralizing of water, purification of chemicals, and separation of substances. Ion exchange usually describes a process of ...

5. Dealkalization of water - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealkalization_of_water

   The dealkalization of water refers to the removal of alkalinity ions from water. Chloride cycle anion ion-exchange dealkalizers remove alkalinity from water. Chloride cycle dealkalizers operate similar to sodium cycle cation water softeners. Like water softeners, dealkalizers contain ion-exchange resins that are regenerated with a concentrated ...

6. Reverse osmosis - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis

   Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification process that uses a semi-permeable membrane to separate water molecules from other substances. RO applies pressure to overcome osmotic pressure that favors even distributions. RO can remove dissolved or suspended chemical species as well as biological substances (principally bacteria), and is used in ...

7. Capacitive deionization - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitive_deionization

   Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a technology to deionize water by applying an electrical potential difference over two electrodes, which are often made of porous carbon. [2] In other words, CDI is an electro-sorption method using a combination of a sorption media and an electrical field to separate ions and charged particles. [3]