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Hypocalcemia is a medical condition characterized by low calcium levels in the blood serum. [5] The normal range of blood calcium is typically between 2.1–2.6 mmol/L (8.8–10.7 mg/dL, 4.3–5.2 mEq/L), while levels less than 2.1 mmol/L are defined as hypocalcemic. [1] [3] [6] Mildly low levels that develop slowly often have no symptoms.
101,100 (2015) [ 9 ] Multiple myeloma (MM), also known as plasma cell myeloma and simply myeloma, is a cancer of plasma cells, a type of white blood cell that normally produces antibodies. [ 6 ] Often, no symptoms are noticed initially. [ 10 ] As it progresses, bone pain, anemia, renal insufficiency, and infections may occur. [ 10 ]
Tumor lysis syndrome. Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a group of metabolic abnormalities that can occur as a complication from the treatment of cancer, [ 1 ] where large amounts of tumor cells are killed off (lysed) from the treatment, releasing their contents into the bloodstream. This occurs most commonly after the treatment of lymphomas and ...
The amount of biologically active calcium varies with the level of serum albumin, a protein to which calcium is bound, and therefore levels of ionized calcium are better measures than a total calcium; however, one can correct a total calcium if the albumin level is known. A normal ionized calcium is 1.12-1.45 mmol/L (4.54-5.61 mg/dL).
The Chvostek sign (/ ˈkvɒstɪk /) is a clinical sign that someone may have a low blood calcium level (a decreased serum calcium, called hypocalcemia). The Chvostek sign is the abnormal twitching of muscles that are activated (innervated) by the facial nerve (also known as Cranial Nerve Seven, or CNVII). [1] When the facial nerve is tapped in ...
Age is the biggest risk factor for breast cancer. The risk of getting breast cancer increases with age. A woman is more than 100 times more likely to develop breast cancer in her 60s than in her 20s. [4] The risk over a woman's lifetime is, according to one 2021 review, approximately "1.5% risk at age 40, 3% at age 50, and more than 4% at age 70."
As of 2012, it is the second most common cause of cancer in women (9.2% of diagnoses) and the third most common in men (10.0%) [14]: 16 with it being the fourth most common cause of cancer death after lung, stomach, and liver cancer. [200] It is more common in developed than developing countries. [201]
Hyperparathyroidism is an increase in parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in the blood. [1][4] This occurs from a disorder either within the parathyroid glands (primary hyperparathyroidism) or as response to external stimuli (secondary hyperparathyroidism). [1] Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism are caused by inappropriately normal or elevated blood ...