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It is approximately 32 kD (two 17 kD dimeric molecules). The protein was isolated from the blood plasma of winter flounder. It is considerably better at depressing freezing temperature than most fish AFPs. [10] The ability is partially derived from its many repeats of the Type I ice-binding site.
Ocean pout, Newfoundland, Canada. The ocean pout ( Zoarces americanus) is an eelpout in the family Zoarcidae. It is found in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of New England and eastern Canada. The fish has antifreeze proteins in its blood, giving it the ability to survive in near-freezing waters.
Channichthyidae. The crocodile icefish or white-blooded fish comprise a family ( Channichthyidae) of notothenioid fish found in the Southern Ocean around Antarctica. They are the only known vertebrates to lack hemoglobin in their blood as adults. [2] Icefish populations are known to reside in the Atlantic and Indian sectors of the Southern ...
Notothenioidei is one of 19 suborders of the order Perciformes. The group is found mainly in Antarctic and Subantarctic waters, with some species ranging north to southern Australia and southern South America. [2] [3] Notothenioids constitute approximately 90% of the fish biomass in the continental shelf waters surrounding Antarctica.
The spleen may be used to remove ice crystals from circulating blood. [9] [10] As the chilly Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters of the Southern Ocean average −1 to 4 °C (30–39 °F), [11] most species of these regions produce antifreeze glycoproteins to prevent the formation of ice crystals in blood and other body fluids.
Chionodraco rastrospinosus. A specimen caught off the South Shetland Islands. Photo Valerie Loeb of the NOAA. The ocellated icefish ( Chionodraco rastrospinosus) is a fish of the family Channichthyidae. [3] [4] It lives in the cold waters off Antarctica and is known for having transparent haemoglobin -free blood. [5] [6]
Antifreeze proteins in its blood prevent it freezing in the subzero water temperatures of Antarctica. The bald notothen is adapted to life in the water column as the shape and flatness of the trunk may streamline the fish and reduce drag. the pelvic and anal fins do not have the adaptations for substrate contact borne by related benthic species.
The polar cod is known to frequent river mouths. It is a hardy fish that survives best at temperatures of 0–4 °C (32–39 °F), but may tolerate colder temperatures owing to the presence of antifreeze protein compounds in its blood. They group in large schools in ice-free waters. B. saida feeds on plankton and krill.