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Nonetheless the Caledonians did retake their territory and pushed the Romans back to Hadrian's Wall. In any event, there is no further historical mention of the Caledonians for a century save for a c. AD 230 inscription from Colchester which records a dedication by a man calling himself the nephew (or grandson) of "Uepogenus, [a] Caledonian". [18]
The Caledonians were cut down and trampled on the lower slopes of the hill. Those at the top attempted an outflanking movement but were themselves outflanked by Roman cavalry. The Caledonians were then comprehensively routed and fled for the shelter of nearby woodland, but were relentlessly pursued by well-organised Roman units.
The plan was for Severus to follow his son's army and permanently occupy all of Caledonia. In 210, Severus became ill and went to York to rest and recover. He kept getting worse until 4 February 211 when he died. Caracalla then called off the war against the Caledonians and headed back to Rome to consolidate his power.
From Edward Bunbury's A History of Ancient Geography Among the Greeks and Romans (1879) Caledonia ( / ˌ k æ l ɪ ˈ d oʊ n i ə / ; Latin : Calēdonia [kaleːˈdonia] ) was the Latin name used by the Roman Empire to refer to the part of Scotland that lies north of the River Forth , which includes most of the land area of Scotland . [ 1 ]
Scotland during the Roman Empire refers to the protohistorical period during which the Roman Empire interacted within the area of modern Scotland.Despite sporadic attempts at conquest and government between the first and fourth centuries AD, most of modern Scotland, inhabited by the Caledonians and the Maeatae, was not incorporated into the Roman Empire with Roman control over the area ...
The House of Dunkeld (in Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Chailleann, lit. 'Fort of the Caledonii' or "of the Caledonians") is a historiographical and genealogical construct to illustrate the clear succession of Scottish kings from 1034 to 1040 and from 1058 to 1286.
Dio mentions the Maeatae were between the wall and the Caledonians but there is some dispute over whether he is referring to Antonine's Wall [9] or Hadrian's Wall. [10] Alexander del Mar says no-one really knows the identity of the Maeatae but he mentions that some authorities think they may have had a Norse origin. [11]
Calgacus is not mentioned during or after the battle and he is not named as one of the hostages Agricola took with him after putting the Caledonians to flight. Both Calgacus and the speech may be figments of Tacitus's invention. [4] [5] His speech is often quoted as "they make a desert and call it peace". [6]